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Chapter 48. Renal tract stones
Previous Chapter Next Chapter Self-Assessment for this chapter
Keypoints
- Renal tract stones are common
- They arise when the concentration of stone forming substances in the urine is high
- Predisposing factors include infection, urinary stasis and metabolic abnormalities
- High urine levels of calcium, oxalate, urate and cystine promote stone formation
- Low urine levels of citrate promote stone formation
- Calcium containing stones including infection stones are radio opaque
- Cystine stones are weakly radio opaque, but urate stones are not radio opaque
- Stones can cause referred pain anywhere from the loin to the external genitalia
- Stones tend to lodge in the ureter at the pelvi ureteric junction or where the ureter enters the bony pelvis or as it enters the bladder.
Self-Assessment Questions for this Chapter